| Henry Aloysius Petre | |
|---|---|
Henry Petre at Central Flying School, 1914 |
|
| Nickname | "Peter the Monk" |
| Born | 12 June 1884 Ingatestone, Essex, England |
| Died | 24 April 1962 (aged 77) London, England |
| Allegiance | Australia United Kingdom |
| Service/branch | Australian Flying Corps Royal Air Force |
| Years of service | 1913–1919 |
| Rank | Major |
| Commands held | Central Flying School (1913–15) Mesopotamian Half Flight (1915) No. 30 Squadron RFC (1915–16) No. 5 Squadron AFC (1917–18) No. 75 Squadron RAF (1918–19) |
| Battles/wars | |
| Awards | Distinguished Service Order Military Cross Mentioned in Despatches (4) |
| Other work | Solicitor |
Henry Aloysius Petre DSO, MC (12 June 1884 – 24 April 1962) was an English solicitor who became Australia's first military aviator, and a founding member of the Australian Flying Corps, predecessor of the Royal Australian Air Force. Born in Essex, he forsook his early legal career to pursue an interest in aviation, answering the Australian Defence Department's call for pilots in 1911. He chose the site of the country's first air base at Point Cook, Victoria in 1913, and established its inaugural air training facility, the Central Flying School, with Eric Harrison. Following the outbreak of World War I, Petre was appointed commander of the Mesopotamian Half Flight, the first unit of the newly formed AFC to see active service. His actions in the Middle East earned him the Distinguished Service Order, the Military Cross, and four Mentions in Despatches. Transferring to the Royal Air Force as a Major in 1918, he retired from the military the next year and resumed his civilian practice in law. He continued to fly recreationally before his death in 1962, aged seventy-seven.
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Born on 12 June 1884 at Ingatestone, Essex, Petre (pronounced "Peter")[1] was the son of Sebastian Henry Petre and his wife Catharine. He was schooled at Mount St Mary's College, Chesterfield, before following his father into law and becoming a solicitor in 1905.[2] Inspired by Louis Blériot's pioneering cross-channel flight in July 1909, he gave up his legal practice, borrowed £250 and proceeded to build his own aeroplane, with design assistance from his architect brother Edward.[3][4] Having spent six months on its construction, Petre crashed the machine on its maiden flight.[5][6] Uninjured and undiscouraged, he borrowed a further £25, took flying lessons at Brooklands Airfield in Surrey, and obtained Royal Aero Club Aviator's Certificate No. 128 on 12 September 1911. He became an instructor at Brooklands' Deperdussin School, and later its chief, prior to taking up employment as a designer and pilot with Handley Page Limited in 1912.[2][5] On Christmas Eve that year, Edward Petre, known as "Peter the Painter", was killed in an accident at Marske-by-the-Sea, Yorkshire, while attempting to fly from Brooklands to Edinburgh.[4]
In December 1911, the Australian Defence Department had advertised in the United Kingdom for "Two competent mechanists and aviators" to establish a flying corps and school.[3][7] From among fifty applications, Petre was chosen and commissioned as a Lieutenant in the Australian Army, his appointment on 6 August 1912 making him the nation's first military pilot.[3] The other appointee, Eric Harrison, joined him later that year. Petre arrived in Australia in January 1913, his first task being to select a site for the proposed Central Flying School (CFS), which he was to command. After travelling hundreds of kilometres on his motorcycle, and rejecting the government's preferred location near the Royal Military College, Duntroon in Canberra, he chose 297 hectares at Point Cook, outside Melbourne, to become the "birthplace of Australian military aviation".[3][6] Petre and Harrison established CFS over the following year with four mechanics, three other staff, and five aircraft including two Deperdussin monoplanes, two B.E.2 biplanes, and a Bristol Boxkite for initial training. Harrison made the unit's first flight in the Boxkite on Sunday, 1 March 1914, while Petre, taking off in a Deperdussin later that day, registered its first accident when he crashed after snaring his tailplane in telephone wires.[6][8] Its coterie of personnel by now being referred to as the Australian Flying Corps, CFS commenced its first flying course on 17 August, two weeks after the outbreak of World War I. The four students included Captain Thomas White and Lieutenants Richard Williams, George Merz, and David Manwell, with Harrison providing initial training and Petre advanced instruction.[3][8] Described as "quiet and academic by nature",[7] Petre was nicknamed "Peter the Monk".[6]
On 8 February 1915, the Australian government received a request from the British Government of India for aerial assistance in the campaign against the Turks in Mesopotamia. Aircrew and supporting personnel for half a flight only were available so the unit, the AFC's first to see active service, became known as the Mesopotamian Half Flight. Ranked Captain, Petre was appointed Commanding Officer and embarked for Basra via Bombay on 14 April, later to be joined by fellow pilots White, Merz and Lieutenant William Treloar, along with thirty-seven ground staff.[9][10] Once in country, Petre was required to lead the AFC contingent in reconnaissance and sabotage missions, and had to deal with unreliable machines, hazardous terrain, and the threat of incarceration or death at the hands of hostile tribesmen.[5] He took part in operations in the Amara area from 31 May to 4 June, for which he was Mentioned in Despatches.[11] The obsolete aircraft supplied by the Indian Government, two Maurice Farman Shorthorns and a Maurice Farman Longhorn, were only capable of a top speed of 50 mph (80 km/h), while the desert wind (known as the shamal) could reach 80 mph (129 km/h), meaning that the aircraft often made no headway or were simply blown backwards. In July, the Half Flight's equipment was augmented by two Caudron G.3 aircraft, a marginal improvement on the Farmans, but still prone to mechanical failure. Later that month, one of the Caudrons was forced to land in enemy territory; its crew consisting of Merz and a New Zealander were never seen again, later being reported killed by Arabs after a running gun battle over several miles.[10][12]
On 24 August, the Half Flight was augmented by four Martinsyde S1s to become No. 30 Squadron Royal Flying Corps (RFC), and moved into Kut following the city's capture by the Allies during the Battle of Es Sinn in September;[13] for his part in the operation, Petre was again Mentioned in Despatches.[14] Over the following two months, however, both Treloar and White were captured and became prisoners of war, leaving Petre as the only pilot remaining from the original Half Flight.[10][12] Around the time of the Battle of Ctesiphon in November, he devised an implement shaped like a small garden rake that allowed him to accurately measure ground distances from the air in order to better map the desert terrain.[15] During the Siege of Kut between December 1915 and April 1916, he flew a series of missions using crude parachutes to airdrop grain supplies (and a millstone for grinding), medical supplies and equipment to the town's entrapped garrison, which included nine of his AFC mechanics.[12][16]
Petre was awarded the Military Cross on 14 January 1916,[17] and twice more Mentioned in Despatches over the course of the year.[18][19] Petre left No. 30 Squadron in December,[20] and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order the same month.[21] In February 1917, he was posted to France with No. 15 Squadron RFC,[2] a reconnaissance unit operating B.E.2s.[22] Two months later his younger brother John, a Squadron Commander in the Royal Naval Air Service and Distinguished Service Cross recipient, was killed in a flying accident.[23] Later that year, Petre returned to England and took command of No. 29 Squadron RFC (also known as No. 5 Squadron AFC), a training unit for Australian fighter pilots, particularly those destined for Palestine.[24][25] Petre was discharged from the AFC as a Major on 31 January 1918, to take a commission with the RFC.[20][26] In April that year, he transferred to the newly formed Royal Air Force, establishing and commanding No. 75 (Home Defence) Squadron.[2][5]
Petre retired from the RAF on 15 September 1919, and resumed practice as a solicitor in London. He married Kathleen Defries, a Canadian, in 1929.[2] He maintained his interest in aviation throughout his life, and more than thirty years after his first flight in 1911 still delighted in "taking an Auster for a spin".[12] In 1951, he received the Royal Aero Club's Silver Medal for his long record of active flying.[27] Retiring from his legal practice in 1958, Henry Petre died in London on 24 April 1962, and was survived by his wife.[2]
Though Eric Harrison, through his longer association with Australian military aviation as a founder member of the Royal Australian Air Force in 1921 and his service up until the end of World War II, was often called "Father of the RAAF" until Air Marshal Richard Williams assumed that mantle, historian Douglas Gillison considered Petre "equally entitled" to such an accolade. Dr Alan Stephens believed Petre made "the greater contribution to the establishment of Point Cook and the Central Flying School", concluding that "perhaps any judgement would not only be moot but also gratuitous, as by circumstance and achievement both men properly belong in the pantheon of the RAAF".[3][7]